Mold / Fungal Glossary
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A
Absidia- A zygomycete fungus. Reported to be allergenic. May cause mucorosis in immune compromised individuals. The sites of infection are the lung, nasal sinus, brain, eye and skin. Infection may have multiple sites.
Acremonium- Contaminant. Opportunistic pathogen, found in sewage, soil, and vegetation, associated with infections of the eye and nails.
Alternaria sp.- A very common allergen with an IgE mediated response. It is often found in carpets, textiles, and on horizontal surfaces in building interiors. Often found on window frames. Outdoors it may be isolated from samples of soil, seeds and plants. It is commonly found in outdoor samples. The large spore size 20-200 microns in length and 7-18 microns in sizes, suggest that the spores from this fungi will be deposited in the nose, mouth, and upper respiratory tract. It may be related to bakers asthma. It has been associated with hypersensitivity pneumonitis.
Amphobotrys sp.- Amphobotrys species comprise a very small proportion of the fungal biota. This genus is most closely related to Botrytis. No information if available regarding health effects, or toxicity. Allergenicity has not been studied. Identified on surfaces by tape lifts, tease mounts from bulk samples and in air by culturable sampling. Spores are not distinctive on spore trap samples and would be categorized as “other colorless”. Recorded sources of isolation are from plants.
Annellophora/Taeniolella rudis- Annellophora species are common, but compromise a small portion of the fungal biota. This genus is related to Taeniolella. In particular, Taeniolella rudis has very similar morphology. The spores of both genera are dark brown and distinctive. Annellophora species have areas of successive proliferations, whereas Taeniolella rudis does not. No information is available regarding health effects or toxicity. Allergenicity has not been studied. May be identified on surfaces by tape lifts, tease mounts from bulk samples and in air by spore trap samples. These genera do not grow on common laboratory media. Natural habitat includes leaves and wood. They are sometimes associated with lumber and can be found indoors on wood and plants.
Aphanocladium sp.- Common, but compromise a small proportion of the fungal biota. Spores are dry and are designed for wind dissemination. This very delicate genus is somewhat related to Beauveria and Engyodontium. No information is available regarding health effects or toxicity. Allergenicity has not been studied. Identified in air by culturable sampling. Spores are not distinctive on spore trap samples and would be categorized as “other colorless”. Recorded sources of isolation are from other fungi, spiders, dung, and litter.
Arthospore formers- Very primitive spore type. Formed by the breaking up or disarticulation of fungal mycelia. Many yeast-like fungi such as the genera Geotricum and Trichosporon form arthospores. These organisms require a series of biochemical tests for definitive identification. Many micro fungi form more than one kind of spore, including arthrospores as well as spores that are morphologically distinct. Other microfungi form only arthrospores but with mechanisms or other structural morphologies that are unique. Most of the basidiomycetes form arthrospores as part of their mycelial phase; these arthrospores are not distinctive and are for the most part not an aid in identification. Colonies isolated on Anderson samples with aerial mycelia and many arthrospores are most probably the result of germinating basidiospores from mushrooms.
Arthrinium sp.- Found in soil or decomposing plant material. Disseminated by wind. Arthrinium sphaerospremum is reported as an allergen. Rarely reported as cellulolytic. Grows well on general fungal media. White, floccose, spreading. Develops brown to black spore clusters with time.
Arthrobotrys sp.- Compromise a very small proportion of the fungal aerobiota. No information is available regarding health effects or toxicity. Allergenicity had not been studied. Rarely found but may be identified on surfaces by tape lifts, tease mounts from bulk samples and in air by spore trap samples. Found primarily in the soil and is one of those fungi capable of capturing nematodes.
Ascospores- Produced by morels, truffles, cup, fungi, ergot and many micro fungi. Found everywhere in nature. Spores are predominantly forcibly discharged during periods of high humidity or rain. The cellulolytic ascomecetes Chaetomium and Ascotricha are frequently found growing indoors on damp substrates.
Ascotricha sp.- Species compromise a small proportion of the fungal biota. This genus is most closely related to Chaetomium. No information is available regarding health effects or toxicity. Allergenicity has not been studied. Identified on surfaces by tape lifts, tease mounts from bulk samples and in air by spore trap sampling. Spores are round, brown, and may be identified to genus if other structural elements (such as perithecial hairs) are present. Otherwise, these spores may be placed in the spore category “smuts, Periconia, myxomycetes” or may be called “unknown brown”. Ascotricha is cellulolytic and sources of isolation include damp sheet-rock paper, woody and straw materials.
Aspergillus sp.- Contaminant. Opportunistic pathogen, commonly found in the environment, certain types can cause aspergillosis.
Aspergillus caesiellus- this species is only occasionally pathogenic.
Aspergillus candidus- Found in warm soils, grain and in the secondary decay of vegetation. Associated with respiratory complaints in a recent house investigation. Can produce to toxin petulin that may be associated with disease in humans and other animals.
Aspergillus carneus- This species is only occasionally pathogenic.
Aspergillus clavatus- Found in soils and animal manure. Can produce the toxin petulin that may be associated with disease in humans and other animals. This species is only occasionally pathogenic.
Aspergillus defelctus- This species is only occasionally pathogenic.
Aspergillus flavus- It grows on moldy corn and peanuts. IT can be found in warm soil, foods, and dairy products. Some strains are capable of producing a group of mycotoxins- in the aflatoxin group. Aflatoxins are known animal carcinogen. There is limited evidence to suggest that this toxin is a human carcinogen. The toxin is poisonous to humans by ingestion. It may also result in occupational disease via inhalation. Experiments have indicated that it is teratogenic and mutagenic. It is toxic to the liver. It is reported to be allergenic. Its presence is associated with reports of asthma. IT can be found in water-damaged carpets. The production of the fungal toxin is dependent on the growth conditions and on the substrate used as a food source. This fungus is associated with aspergillosis of the lungs and/or disseminated aspergillosis. This fungus is occasionally identifies as the cause of corneal , otomycotic and nasoorbital infections.
Aspergillus fumigatus- Major cause of aspergillosis. This organism causes both invasive and allergic aspergillosis. Aspergillosis affects individuals who are immune compromised. It is considered a human pathogen. It grows well at 35 degrees C. It is commonly found outdoors in compost piles with temperature higher than 40 degrees C, in mild to warm soils and on cereals.
Aspergillus glaucus- common outdoor fungus in the winter. It is reported to be allergenic. This species is only occasionally pathogenic. It can grow on leather. This fungus can grow at low moisture levels on grains, sugary food products, meat and wool. The ascomycetous state is Eurotium sp.
Aspergillus nidulans- Found in mild to warm soils and on slowly decaying plants. Can produce the mycotoxin sterigmatocystin. This toxin has been shown to produce liver and kidney damage in lab animals. This fungus is associated with aspergillosis of the lungs and/or disseminated aspergillosis. This species is only occasionally pathogenic.
Aspergillus niger- Less common cause of aspergillosis. It has a musty odor. It is commonly found in the environment on textiles, soils, grains, fruits, and vegetables. It has been reported to cause skin and pulmonary infections. It is a common cause of fungal related ear infections-otomycosis.
Aspergillus oschraceus- Found in grains, soil and salted food products. It is not usually associated with decaying vegetation. Can produce a kidney toxin oschratoxin A, which may produce oschratoxicosis in humans. This is also known as Balkan Nephoropathy. The toxin is produces at optimum growth conditions at 25 Degrees C and high moisture conditions. The ochratoxin may also be produced by other aspergillus sp. and penicillium sp. Other toxins that can be produced by this fungus include penicillic acid, xanthomegnin and viomellein. There are all reported to be kidney and liver toxins.
Aspergillus oryzae- This species is only occasionally pathogenic.
Aspergillus parasiticus- Some strains are capable of producing a group of mycotoxins-in the aflatoxin group. Aflatoxins are known animal carcinogen. There is limited evidence to suggest that this toxin is a human carcinogen. The toxin is poisonous to humans by ingestion. Experiments have indicated that it is tertogenic and mutagenic. It is toxic to the liver. The production of the fungal toxin is dependant on the growth conditions and on the substrate used as a food source.
Aspergillus penicilloides- Can grow in area with low water activity. It is found in house dust and food.
Aspergillus restricrus- This species is only occasional pathogenic.
Aspergillus sydowi- This species is only occasionally pathogenic.
Aspergillus terreus- Found in warmer soil and in grains, straw, cotton and decomposing vegetation. Can produce the toxin patulin and citrinin that may be associated with disease in humans and other animals. This fungus is associated with aspergillosis of the lungs and/or disseminated aspergillosis. Found as an isolate from otomycosis (ear infection) and enychomycosis (infection of the finger or toe nails)
Aspergillus ustus- This species is only occasionally pathogenic.
Aspergillus versicolor- It is commonly found in soil, hay, cotton, and dairy products. It can produce a mycotoxin sterigmatocystin and cyclopuaxonic acid. These toxins cause diarrhea and upset stomach. It is reported to be a kidney and lever carcinogen. This species is only occasionally pathogenic.
Aureobasidium sp.- Contaminant. Opportunistic pathogen, found worldwide in soil, food, and wood. Rarely associated with human disease.
B
Bactrodesmium sp.- Comprise a very small proportion of the fungal biota. Rarely found but may be identified on surfaces by tape lifts, tease mounts from bulk samples, and in air by spore trap samples. (Spores have distinctive morphology) Natural habitat includes wood and bark of various deciduous trees such as oak, ash and sycamore.
Basidiomycetes- Fungal spores which are from mushrooms. The specific mushroom species cannot be identified on the culture plate. Many mushroom spores are reported to be allergenic.
Basidiospores- Spore formed on a structure known as a basidium. Characteristic of the Basidiomycete class. Example: Rusts, smuts, and mushrooms.
Beauveria sp.- Contaminant. Known to be pathogenic in animals and insects. Rarely involved in human infection.
Beltrania sp.- Comprise a very small proportion of the fungal biota. May be identified in air by spore trap samples. (Spores have distinctive morphology) Beltrania needs specialized media for sporulation in the laboratory. Natural habitat includes dead leaves and plant litter of semi-tropical and tropical plants.
Bipolaris sp.- A fungus with large spores, which would be expected to be deposited in the upper respiratory tract. This fungus can produce the mycotoxin sterimatocystin, which has been shown to produce liver, and kidney damage when ingested by laboratory animals.
Blastobotrys sp.- Rarely found but may be identified on surfaces by tape lifts, tease mounts from bulk samples, and in air by culturable (Anderson) samples. (Spores do not have distinctive morphology and would be characterized as “other colorless” on spore trap samples.) Recorded isolations include seeds and compost.
Blastomyces sp.- Human pathogen. The fungus is commonly found in soil. It is a dimorphic fungus, which has filamentous fungus when grown at 25 degrees C and a yeast form at 37 degrees C.
Botrydiplodia Theobromae- (see Lasiodiplodia)
Botrymyces sp.- This genus is not treated by many reference books on fungi. Described by the mycologist de Hoog, the multi-celled irregularly septate, thick-walled “spores” may be regarded by some to be vegetative structures. Some laboratories see this organism on wood.
Botrytis sp.- Contaminant. Reported to be allergenic. It is parasitic on plants and soft fruits. Found in soil and vegetables. Possibly associated with allergic symptoms.
C
Calcarisporium sp.- Comprise a small proportion of the fungal biota and may be more common in northern forested or southeastern areas of the united states. This organism in most closely related to Sporothrix and Nodulisporium. (Spores do not have distinctive morphology and would be categorized as “other colorless” on spore trap samples.) Natural habitat includes other fungi (mushrooms in the families Agaricaceae and Boletaceae) and wood.
Candida sp..- Part of the normal flora of mouth and other mucous membranes in the body. Thrush and other diseases caused by candida albicans usually occur after prolonged treatment with antibiotics or steroids. The environment is not a likely source of exposure for his fungus. Cells from the organism are usually not airborne. Reported to be allergenic.
Cephaloascus sp.- (Spores do not have distinctive morphology and would be categorized as “other colorless” on spore trap samples.) Natural habitat includes wood, insects, and fruit.
Ceratocystis/Ophiostoma group- Found on commercial lumber, tree and plant pathogen. Disseminates by wet spores and insects. Most homes built with lumber have areas of growth on wood framing inside walls. Some species may grow on specialized laboratory media. Asexual forms grow on general fungal media. Distinctive fruiting bodies with long necks are identifiable on tape lifts.
Cercospora sp.- Parasite of higher plants, causing leaf spot. Mode if dissemination: Dry spore, wind. Common outdoors in agricultural areas, especially during harvest. Not easily confused with other spore types on spore trap sampling.
Chaetomium sp.- contaminant. Large ascomycetous fungus producing perithecia. It is found on a variety of substrate containing cellulose including paper and plant compost. It has been found on paper in sheetrock. It is reported to be allergenic. Can produce an Acremonium like state on fungal media.
Choanephora sp.- Comprise a very small proportion of the fungal biota and may be more common in the southeastern areas of the United States. Some taxonomists into Blakeslea place two species. Natural habitats include soil and plants in tropical and semitropical regions.
Chromelosporium sp.- Common in soil but now well known. This genus is most closely related to Amphobotrys and Botrytis. It is extremely common in greenhouses growing on sterilized soil or vermiculite in pots and flats. Spores have somewhat distinctive morphology. Formerly called Ostracoderma.
Chrysonilia sp.- Common and may be more common in the eastern and southeastern areas of the United States. The genus is heterogeneous and is not a natural grouping. It commonly grows on sterilized soil in the greenhouse as well as bread (called red bread mold). It has a very rapid growth rate and can be a formidable problem as a contaminant in the laboratory. A single case of human infection was reported in 1961, which was as endophthalmitis following cataract extraction. Spores are a form of arthrospore but are large, variable in size, and distinctive. Natural habitat is said to be soil, according to some but not all references. Formerly called Monilia sitophilia.
Chrysosporium sp.- Common and comprise a heterogeneous group whose taxonomy has been widely debated. This genus is keratinophilic and/or cellulytic and is closely related to the dermatophytes, those organisms infecting the skin. Geomyces is considered by some to be a Chrysosporium species. Health effects include rare reports of onychomycosis, skin lesions, and endocarditis. May be identified on surfaces by tape lifts, tease mounts from bulk samples, and in the air by sulturable sampling. Spores do not have distinctive morphology and would be categorized as “other colorless” on spore trap samples. Natural habitat includes soil, dung, children’s sandboxes, seeds, birds’ nests, and plant remains such as leaf litter.
Circinella sp.- Comprise a very small proportion of the fungal biota and are most solely related to Mucor. Spores do not have distinctive morphology and would be categorized as “other colorless” on spore trap samples. Recorded isolations are from soil, dung, and nuts (especially Brazil nuts).
Cladosporium sp.- Contaminant. Non-pathogenic. Found as a secondary invader of plants, food, soil, paint, and textiles. Allergen.
Coelomycetes – Where found: Saprophytic or parasitic on higher plants, other fungi, lichens, and vertebrates. Conidial masses may be dry or slimy. Spread by insects, water splash, and wind. Affects Type I Allergies (hay fever and asthma). Grows indoor on many substrates, including ceiling tile and linoleum. May have little effect on the indoor air because in many genera, air currents do not readily disseminate the spores. These fungi are sometimes referred to as “pycnidial formers”. Spores often formed in sticky masses or exuded in mucoid droplets. Most are not easily recognizable on spore trap slides. A few are very distinctive.
Conidobolus- Can cause a chronic inflammatory disease of the nasal mucosa.
Contaminant- Something that is present without injuring or benefiting the host. They do not cause infection.
Cunninghamella sp.- can cause disseminated and pulmonary infections in immune compromised hosts.
Curvularia sp.- Contaminant. Opportunistic pathogen. Found in air, soil, and textiles. Causes infections in eyes and sinuses.
D
Dactylaria sp.- Comprise a very small proportion of the fungal biota. This genus is most closely related to Ochroconis and Scolecobasidium. Opinions differ regarding the taxonomy of these three genera and are considered by many to by synonyms. There have been several reports of opportunistic infections caused by these genera but a true pathogenic role has not been firmly established. No information is available regarding upper respiratory health effects, or toxicity. May be identified on surfaces by tape lifts, tease mounts from bulk samples, and in air by culturable samples. Certain species of Dactylaria have somewhat distinctive spores, which would be counted on spore trap samples if the presence of this genus has already been demonstrated. Natural habitat includes soil and decaying leaves.
Dicyma sp.- Comprise a small proportion of the fungal biota. This genus is the asexual phase of Ascotricha, which is closely related to Chaetomium. No information is available regarding health effects or toxicity. Allergenicity has not been studied. Identified on surfaces by tape lifts, and tease mounts from bulk samples. Does not grow on general laboratory media. Dicyma spores could be counted on spore trap samples if the presence of this genus has already been demonstrated (for example, on tape lifts). Spores are somewhat distinctive but may be confused with other genera. Sources of growth include dead stems and leaves, paper, cardboard, cotton wool, woody materials and wallboard.
Doratomyces sp.- Comprise a small proportion of the fungal biota. The speculating structures of Doratomyces form synnema (coremia), which are a gathering of conidiophores into a sort of flower bouquet. This genus is very closely related to Scopulariopsis, with identical sporulating mechanisms but without the formation of synnema. No information is available regarding health effects or toxicity. Allergenicity has not been studied. May be identified on surfaces by tape lifts, tease mounts from bulk samples, and in air by culturable (Anderson) samples. Spores do not have distinctive morphology and would be categorized as “other colorless” on spore trap samples. Natural habitat includes coil, compost, wood, herbaceous stems, oat seeds, decaying plant material and dung.
Drechslera, Bipolaris, and Exserohilum group- Contaminant. Opportunistic pathogen. Found in grass, grains, and decaying food. Can occasionally infect eye, nose, lungs and skin.
E
Emericella sp.- The sexual states of Aspergillus species, notably the Aspergillus nidulans group among others. Emericella is common and is most closely related to Eurotium, another genus with Aspergillus anamorphs. Emericella is likely to be present along with related Aspergilli if growth has been long term and the nutrients of the substrate are conducive for the conversion to sexual phase. Health effects, allergenicity, and toxicity are closely related to the Aspergillus anamorph and for the most part, have not been studied apart from that primary phase. May be identified on surfaces by tape lifts, tease mounts from bulk samples and in air on spore trap samples. Spores have distinctive morphology. If Emericella spores are isolated on culturable (Anderson) sampling, the Aspergillus anamorph is likely to be the identifiable result, at least with primary growth within one week. Natural habitat includes soil, seeds, and vegetable matter.
Emericellopsis sp.- The sexual states of Acremonium species. Emericellopsis is most closely related to Eurotium and Emericella, other genera forming cleistothecia (closed, round sexual fruiting bodies). No information is available regarding health effects or toxicity. May be identified on surfaces by tape lifts, tease mounts from bulk samples and in air on spore trap samples. Spores have distinctive morphology. If Emericellopsis spores are isolated on culturable (Anderson) sampling, the Acremonium anamorph is likely to be the identifiable result, at least with primary growth within one week. Natural habitat is soil.
Engyodontium sp.- common but comprise a small proportion of the fungal biota. This very delicate genus is related to Beauveria and Tritirachium. Health effects of Engyodontium album include reports of keratitis, brain abscess, eczema vesiculosum, and native valve endocarditis. No information is available regarding toxicity and allergenicity has not been studied. Identified in air by culturable sampling. Spores are not distinctive on spore trap samples and are categorized as “other colorless”. Fresh growth is possibly identifiable on tape lifts, but optical resolution through tape is sometimes inadequate for the very small structures of Engyodontium. Commonly isolated from paper, jute, textiles, and painted walls.
Epicoccum sp.- Contaminant. Opportunistic pathogen. Found in soil, air, water and rotting vegetation. Associated with skin allergies.
Erysiphe sp.- Plant pathogens, one of the genera causing powdery mildew. Erysiphe is very common and is an obligate parasite on leaves, stems, flowers, and fruits of living higher plants. No information is available regarding health effects or toxicity. Allergenicity has not been studied. The asexual phase of Oidium have distinctive morphology and may be identified in air on spore trap samples, although because obligate parasites cannot grow on non-living environmental surfaces, our laboratory does not include Erysiphe on our spore trap report form. The asexual spores are also seen in dust as part of the normal influx of outdoor microbial particles.
Eurotium sp.- The sexual states of Aspergillus species, notably the Aspergillus glaucus group among others. Eurotium is common and is most closely related to Emericella, another genus with Aspergillus anamorphs. Eurotium is likely to be present along with related Aspergilli if growth has been long term and the nutrients of the substrate are conducive for the conversion to sexual phase. Health effects, allergenicity, and toxicity are closely related to the Aspergillus anamorph and for the most part, have not been studied apart from that primary phase. May be identified on surfaces by tape lifts, tease mounts from bulk samples and in air on spore trap samples. Spores have distinctive morphology. If Eurotium spores are isolated on culturable (Anderson) sampling, the Aspergillus anamorph is likely to be the identifiable result, at least with primary growth within one week. Occurs on substrates low in moisture (Xerophilic); very common in stored seeds, grows also on textiles, leather, and materials coated with resins and lacquers, such as furniture.
Exophiala sp.- Common and are closely related to Wangiella and Phialophora. On primary isolation, this genus may exhibit a black yeast phase, making identification a little more complex. Health effects include occasional mycetomas, chromoblastomycosis, and other subcutaneous lesions. No information is available regarding toxicity. May be identified on surfaces by tape lifts, tease mounts from bulk samples and in air by culturable sampling. Spores do not have a distinctive morphology and would be categorized as “other colorless” on spore trap samples. Widespread distribution in decaying wood, soil, and water (especially surfaces in contact with cool, fresh water).
Exserohilum sp.- Common and are most closely related to Drechslera and Bipolaris. Exserohilum spores have an inner cup-like structure, which is visible in the basal cell.
F
Fusariella sp.- Comprise a very small proportion of the fungal biota. No information regarding health effects, toxicity or allergenicity is available. Rarely found but may be identified on surfaces by tape lifts, tease mounts from bulk samples and in air by culturable samples. May be identified on spore trap samples if the presence of this genus has already been demonstrated (for example, on tape lifts). Spores have somewhat distinctive morphology but may be confused with other genera. Natural habitat includes leaves, dead stems, and litter (many plants).
Fusarium sp.- Contaminant. Opportunistic pathogen. Found in soil and fruit. Associated with multitude of infections in burn patients and eye infections.
G
Geomyces sp.- comprise a very small proportion of the fungal biota and are most closely related to Chrysosporium species. Health effects include rare cases of onychomycosis. No information is available regarding toxicity or allergenicity. May be identified on surfaces by tape lifts, tease mounts from bulk samples, and in air by culturable samples. Spores do not have distinctive morphology and would be categorized as “other colorless”. Widespread in soil.
Geotrichum sp.- Contaminant. Found as a normal part of human flora and seems to cause disease in compromised hosts.
Gliocladium sp.- A fungus, which is structurally similar to Penicillium sp. It is reported to be allergenic. May be identified on surfaces by tape lifts, tease mounts from bulk samples, and in air by culturable samples. Spores do not have distinctive morphology and might be categorized as “other colorless”. Found very infrequently in air samples because the spores are formed in sticky masses and are not easily disseminated by air currents. It is widespread in decaying vegetation and in the soil.
Gliomastix sp.- Comprise a small proportion of the fungal biota. This genus is most closely related to Acremonium and the monophialidic species of Paecilomyces. No information is available regarding health effects, toxicity, and allergenicity. May be identified on spore trap samples if the presence of this genus has already been demonstrated (for example, on tape lifts). Spores have somewhat distinctive morphology but may be confused with other genera. The gray black pigment of the spores is very close to the pigment of Stachybotrys. Natural habitat includes plant litter, wood, soil, and cellulosic materials.
Gonatobotrys sp.- Comprise a very small proportion of the fungal biota. Morphologically this genus is very close to Gonatobotryum but without dark pigment. No information is available regarding health effects or toxicity. Allergenicity has not been studied. Rarely found but may be identified on surfaces by tape lifts, and tease mounts from bulk samples, and in air by culturable samples. Spores do not have distinctive morphology and would be categorized as “other colorless” on spore trap samples. Reported to be parasitic on Alternaria and Cladosporium. Natural habitat is plant litter.
Gonatobotryum sp.- Common in certain ethological niches. They are parasitic on Ceratocystis and so are found where Ceratocystis is found, most particularly lumber. Most homes built with lumber have areas of growth of both Ceratocystis and Gonatobotryum on wood framing inside walls. Virtually all lumberyards have some percentage of boards with areas of this black mold growth. No information regarding health effects, toxicity or allergenicity is available. May be identified on surfaces by tape lifts, tease mounts from bulk samples and in air by spore trap samples. Spores have distinctive morphology. Other natural habitats include soil, and rotten wood Also parasitic on certain other plants.
Graphium sp.- Common and are closely related to several ascomycetes. The sporulating structures of Graphium form synnema (coremmia), which are a gathering of conidiophores into a sort of flower bouquet. The taxonomy of graphium species needs work since the actual sporulating process differs among the many species. Health effects are dependant upon the related ascomycete. There are no reports of illness due to the Graphium stage of Ophiostoma. However, the genus Pseudallescheria (asexual phase is Scedosporium) has a Graphium phase, and these genera are noted for many health effects, some of which have serious consequences. No information is available regarding toxicity or allergy. May be identified on surfaces by tape lifts, tease mounts from bulk samples, and in air by culturable samples. Spores do not have distinctive morphology and would be categorized as “other colorless” on spore trap samples. Sources of isolation are many, including woody substrata, plant debris, soil, manure, and polluted water.
H
Helminthosporium sp.- Superficially resemble Drechslera, bipolaris and exserohilum spores but the mechanism of sporulation is quite different. The taxonomy of this entire group has been widely debated. The antigen labeled “Helminthosporium” in use by allergists for skin testing has been neither Drechslera or bipolaris. No cases of infection caused by true Helminthosporium have been reported in humans or animals. No information is available regarding toxicity. Allergenicity has not been studied, although cross reactivity may exist between all the above-mentioned genera. Natural habitat includes dead stems of herbaceous plants, and twigs and branches of many different kinds of tress. Helminthosporium solani is the cause of “silver scarf” disease in potatoes.
Histoplasma sp. – A fungus that has filamentous growth at 25 degrees C and yeast growth at 37 degrees C. It is reported to be a human pathogen. It may be associated with birds.
Humicuola- Grow on products with a high cellulose content. These fungi are also found in soil and on plant debris.
Hyaline Mycelia- Sterile mycelia that is white or transparent. No fruiting structures are produced by the mycelia. Visual identification of these organism is not possible. Often associated with allergic symptoms.
Hyalodendron sp.- Appear to be common during certain periods of the year. They are morphologically related to Cladosporium but do not have the olive and brown pigments of Cladosporium. No information regarding health effects, toxicity, or allergenicity is available. May be identified on surfaces by tape lifts, tease mounts from bulk samples and in air by culturable samples. Spores look very close to Cladosporium and would most probably be thought of as “young” undigested Cladosporium spores on spore trap samples. Natural habitat is most probably woody plant materials.
Hyphal-like fragments- Filamentous. Branched structures with cell walls.
L
Lasiodiplodia theobromae- Lasiodiplodia (monotypic) comprises a very small proportion of the fungal biota. It is a common plant pathogen in tropical and subtropical regions. Reports of health effects include keratitis, onychomycosis, corneal ulcer, and phaeohyphomycosis (one report of each since 1975). No information is available regarding toxicity or allergenicity. May be identified on surfaces by tape lifts, tease mounts from bulk samples, and in air by culturable and spore trap samples. Spores have distinctive morphology. This genus is found worldwide between 40ºN and 40ºS of the equator (includes roughly the south half of the united states. Natural habitat includes many different kinds of plants. Formerly called Botryodiplodia theobromae.
Leptosphaeria sp.- Leptosphaeria species are common and are closely related to other ascomycetes such as Venturia and Pleospora. Grows saprophytically and also as a plant pathogen. Leptosphaeria senegalensis and L. thompkinsii are two of the agents of human mycetoma in Africa. No information is available regarding other inhalation health effects or toxicity. Allergenicity has not been studied. Leptosphaeria will grow in the laboratory but needs specialized media. May be identified on surfaces by tape lifts, tease mounts from bulk samples and in air by spore trap samples. Spores have distinctive morphology. Natural habitat includes leaves and culms of a great many grasses, dead herbaceous stems, and driftwood.
M
Memnoniella sp.- Found in plant litter, soil, and many types of plants and trees. Modes of dissemination: Dry spore. Wind. Grows on a variety of substrates indoors. Cellulolytic. Grows on general fungal media, forming dark gray to black colonies. In Memnoniella, the spores do not slime down but are held in long chains. Distinctive on spore traps and on tape lifts.
Microascus sp.- Common but comprise a small proportion of the fungal biota. This genus is most closely related to other perithecial forming ascomycetes such as Melanospora. Some species of Microascus have been isolated form clinical sources such as cases of onychomucosis, cutaneous lesions, and mycetomas. Microascus manginii was reported to be the cause of a disseminated infection in a leukemic patient in 1987. No information is available regarding other inhalation health effects or toxicity. Allergenicity has not been studied. May be identified on surfaces by tape lifts, and tease mounts from bulk samples. If Microascus spores are isolated on culturable sampling, the Scopulariopsis anamorph is likely to be the identifiable result, at least with primary growth within one week. ay be identified on spore trap samples if the presence of this genus has already been demonstrated (for example, on tape lifts). Spores have somewhat distinctive morphology but may be confused with other genera. Recorded isolations are from sunflower seeds, soybeans, sand, soil, chicken littler and waste compost.
Microsporum- Causes ringworm in humans.
Microstroma sp.- Comprise a very small proportion of the fungal biota. No information is available regarding health effects of toxicity. Allergenicity has not been studied. May be identified on surfaces by tape lifts, tease mounts from bulk sampling and in air by spore trap samples. While spores are only somewhat distinctive, this organism at times becomes airborne with underlying sporulating structures intact, so that the entire organism may be seen on spore trap traces. In culture Microstroma grows as a yeast. This organism is a plant pathogen and is common on leaves of Juglans and Carya.
Monilia sp.- reported to be allergenic. this fungus produces soft rot of tree fruits. Other members produce a red bread mold. It is infrequently involved in corneal eye infections.
Mortierella sp. - Soil organisms, common and are related to other zygomycetes such as Mucor. There are no reports of any health effects in humans although some species cause abortions and pulmonary infections in cattle. No information is available regarding toxicity. Allergenicity has not been studied. May be identified on surfaces by tape lifts, tease mounts from bulks samples, and in air by culturable samples. Spores do not have distinctive morphology and would be categorized as “other colorless” on spore trap samples. While most recorded isolations are from soil, other sources include sugar cane, damaged grasses, and vegetable seeds. Seen occasionally in quantitative dust samples.
Mucor sp.- Contaminant. Opportunistic pathogen. Found in soil, decaying vegetation, and animal dung. Can cause Zygomycoses and lung infection.
Mycosis- disease caused by fungus.
Mycotypha sp.- Comprise a very small proportion of the fungal biota. This genus is most closely related to other one spored mitosporangial zygomycetes such as Choanephora and Cunninghamella. No information is available regarding health effects, or toxicity. Allergenicity had not been studied. Rarely found but may be identified on surfaces by tape lifts, tease mounts from bulk samples and in air by culturable sampling. Spores do not have distinctive morphology and would be categorized as “other colorless” on spore trap samples. Natural habitat is soil.
Mycrothecium sp.- Found on grasses, plants and soil. Also found on decaying fruiting bodies of Russula mushrooms. Mode of dissemination: Wet spore. Insects, water splash, and wind when dried out. There are no reports of human infection. It has been identified as an indoor contaminant. Occurrence is rare. Grows on general fungal media. Spores have a gray green pigment. Identifiable on spore trap slides as a distinctive gray-green cylindrical spore with striations, a flat base, and a pointed end.
Myxomycetes sp.- Found on decaying logs, stumps and dead leaves (particularly in forested regions). These organisms have both dry and wet spores. Wind disperses the dry fruiting body spores, whereas the wet amoebic phase is motile. Type I allergies (hay fever, asthma). No reports of human infection. Occasionally found indoors. The myxomycetes have an interesting life cycle, which includes a wet spore phase and a dry spore phase. When conditions are favorable, they move about like amoebae, resembling primitive animals. When conditions are not favorable, they form a resting body (sclreotium) with dry, airborne spores. The myxomycetes are not considered to be a true fungi. The myxomycetes do not grow on general fungal media. While a few are distinctive on spore traps, many of the myxomycete spores are difficult to distinguish from the smuts. These spores are placed in the group “smuts, myxomycetes, Periconia” due to their similar “round, brown” morphology. They are occasionally seen and identified on tape lifts. Distinctive especially when fragments of the lacy fruiting bodies are present.
Myxotrichum sp.- Comprise a small proportion of the fungal biota. This genus is most closely related to other gymnothecial forming ascomycetes such as Gymnoascus and Ctenomyces. Health effects are very rare with only one report of onychomycosis in 1976. No information is available regarding toxicity. Allergenicity has not been studied. May be identified on surfaces by tape lifts, and tease mounts from bulk samples. If myxotrichum spores are isolated on culturable sampling, the geomyces, malbranchea or Oidiodendron anamorph is likely to be the identifiable result, at least with primary growth within one week. Spores do not have distinctive morphology and would be categorized as “other colorless” on spore trap samples. This organism is keratinophilic and cellulolytic. Natural habitat is soil. Isolated regularly from paper substrates, damp drywall, and decomposing carpets.
N
Neosartorya sp.- Sexual state of Aspergillus species, notably the aspergillus fumigatus group among others. Neosartorya is common and is most closely related to Emercilla, another genus with Aspergillus anamorphs. Neosartorya is likely to be present along with related aspergilli if growth has been long term and the nutrients of the substrate are conducive for the conversion to sexual phase. Reports of illness include pulmonary infection, encdocarditis, and osteomylelitis. Health effects (for the most part), allergenicity, and toxicity of Neosartorya are closely related to the aspergillus anamorph and have rarely been studied apart from that primary phase. May be identified on surfaces by tape lifts, and tease mounts from bulk samples, especially if the Aspergillus anamorph is present. If Neosartorya spores are isolated on culturable sampling, the Aspergillus anamorph is likely to be the identifiable result, at least with primary growth within one week. Spores have somewhat distinctive morphology but would most probably be called “ascospores” on spore trap samples. Natural habitat is soil.
Nigrospora sp.- Found in decaying plant material and soil. Mode of dissemination: Active discharge mechanism. Does not require wind or rain. Type I allergies (hay fever, asthma) Very rare report of human infection. Rarely found growing indoors, Characteristics of growth/culture: White, flucose, spreading. Develops black spore clusters with time. A distinctive large, dark brown (nearly black ), globose spore is readily identifiable on spore trap slides. Distinctive but rarely found on tape lifts.
Nodulisporium sp.- Comprise a small proportion of the fungal biota. This genus is most closely related to Geniculosporium, Hansfordia, and Calcarisporium. No information is available regarding health effects, or toxicity, Allergenicity had not been studied. May be identified on surfaces by tape lifts, tease mounts from bulk samples, and in air by culturable sampling. Spores do not have distinctive morphology and would be categorized as “other colorless” on spore trap samples. Natural habitat includes soil and dead stems of trees and herbaceous plants, especially dead wood in the tropics.
Non-Sporulating sp.- These are organisms that have not sporulated under the culture conditions provided. Most never sporulate in culture (sterile mycelia). Some represent non-sporulating colonies of common fungi (e.g. Clidiosporium, Alternaria, even Aspergillus). Grows on a variety of substrates. Identification is not possible without sporulation. Potentially all fungi are capable of producing a non-sporulating state. Many fungi so not adapt well to routine mycologic media and growth conditions and therefore may not sporulate. Specialized media, light-dark cycles, UV light, and low or high temperatures ma be required to stimulate sporulation. Unless distinctive spore types are formed, identification may not be possible. Frequently non-sporulating colonies are produced by basidiomycetes (mushrooms), which usually do not produce fruiting structures on lab media. They may produce clamp connections and/or arthroconidia within their mycelia. Hyphal fragments are not routinely counted or reported. If numbers are excessive a comment indicating high numbers of hyphal will appear on the report. Non-sporulating mycelia may appear as colorless or pigmented (brown), septate (with cross-walls) or non-septate. Further identification requires sporulation on tape lifts.
O
Ochroconis sp.- Comprise a very small proportion of the fungal biota. This genus is most closely related to Dactylaria and Scolecobasidium. Opinions differ regarding the taxonomy of these three genera and are considered by many to be synonyms. All three genera are listed in Ainsworth & Bisby’s Dictionary of the Fungi as legitimate genera. There have been several reports of opportunistic infections caused by these genera but a true pathogenic role had not been firmly establishes. No information is available regarding upper respiratory health effects, or toxicity. Allergenicity has not been studied. May be identified on surfaces by tape lifts, tease mounts from bulk samples, and in air by culturable (Andersen) samples. Certain species of Ochroconis have somewhat distinctive spores, which could be counted on spore trap samples if the presence of this genus has already been demonstrated (for example, on tape lifts). Natural habitat includes soil and decaying leaves.
Oedocephalum sp.- Comprise a small proportion of the fungal biota. This genus is related to Gonatobotrys and possibly to Amblyosporium. No information is available regarding health effects or toxicity. Allergenicityhas not been studied. May be identified on surfaces by tape lifts, tease mounts from bulk samples, and in air by culturable (Andersen) and spore trap samples. Spores have distinctive morphology. Reported isolations include soil and waste compost. It speculates on initial isolation but forms only sterile mycelia on subsequent transfer.
Oidiodendron sp.- Common but comprise a small proportion of the fungal biota. This genus is most closely related to Geomyces and Arthrographis. Oidiodendron cerealis is quite distinct from other Odiodendron species and is placed in a separate genus Stephanosporium by some taxonomists. As to health effects, one isolation from a case of neurodermitis nuchae in 1969 exists for Odiodendron cerealis/Stephanosporium cereale, with no reports for other Odiodendron species. No information is available regarding toxicity. Allergenicity has not been studied. May be identified on surfaces by tape lifts, tease mounts from bulk samples, and in air by culturable (Andersen) sampling. Stephanosporium has distinctive spores and can also be recognized on spore trap samples. Spores of other Odiodendron species are arthrospores without distinctive morphology and would be recognized as such on spore trap samples. Natural habitat includes soil, litter, wood, and bark. Stephanosporium cereale has been isolated from air, paper, soil, and textiles.
Opportunistic Pathogen- Causes infection only when the weak or injured condition of the person gives the agent opportunity to infect. Rarely infect patients who are otherwise healthy.
Other colorless- all non-distinctive unidentifiable colorless spores seen on spore trap samples are placed into this category. These are all the genera described by the sentence: “Spores do not have distinctive morphology and would be categorized as “other colorless” on spore trap samples.
P
Paecilomyces sp.- Contaminant. Opportunistic pathogen. Found world wide in soil and decaying vegetation. Associated with pulmonary and sinus infections who had organ transplants as well as inflammation of he cornea.
Papulospora sp.- This fungi is found in soil, textiles, decaying plants, manure and paper.
Pathogen- Disease causing.
Penicillium sp.- Contaminant. Opportunistic pathogen. Found in soil and decaying vegetation, usually is a secondary invader causing pulmonary and many other infections.
Periconia sp.- Found in soil, blackened and dead herbaceous stems and leaf spots, grasses, rushes and sedges. Almost always associated with other fungi. Mode of dissemination: Dry spore. Wind. Rare care of mycotic keratitis was reported. Some species have distinguishing spore characteristics and are recognizable. Generally it is difficult to distinguish Periconia spores from the smuts myxomycetes and other round, brown spore types. Spores with underlying sporulating structures are distinctive although we very rarely see them on tape lifts.
Peronospora sp.- Plant pathogens, one of the genera causing downey mildews. It is very common and is an obligate parasite on leaves, stems, flowers, and fruits of living higher plants. No information is available regarding health effects or toxicity. Allergenicity has not been studied. Peronospora may be identified in air on spore trap samples. Spores have distinctive morphology. The spores may also be seen in dust as part of the normal influx of outdoor microbial particles.
Peziza sp.- Peziza species are macrofungi commonly called cup fungi. One species in particular Peziza domiciliana is noted for growth on a wide range of domestic materials, including plaster, cement, sand, coal dust, wet rugs and carpets, fireplace ashes, and walls. It has been found in a wide range of locations, including carpets in living rooms, shower stalls, damp closets, behind refrigerators, around leaky waterbeds, in cellars, greenhouses, under porches, walls in school rooms, and in cars. These cup fungi have a rubbery texture and are large enough to pluck from under carpets or baseboards with the fingers. If blown on with moist breath, spirals of wispy smoke composed of released ascospores can be observed. Cup fungi are most closely related to elfin saddles (Helvella) and the morels (Morchella). Within this group are some of the most prized edible fungi. However, no specific information is available regarding the toxicity of Peziza domiciliana but it is believed to be non-toxic, and there are no reports of adverse health effects. Allergenicity has not been studied. Identification is made when the macro fungal bodies are collected and submitted. The ascospores of all these related fungi are somewhat distinctive and are identifiable on spore trap samples, especially when large fruitings are present within a building. Natural outdoor habitat for most species is soil, humus, or rotten wood. More information about these fungi is available in the book Muchrooms Demystefied by David Aurora, available at most bookstores.
Phialocephala sp.- Comprise a very small proportion of the fungal biota. This genus is most closely related to Phialophora. No information is available regarding health effects or toxicity. Allergenicity has not been studied. May be identified on surfaces by tape lifts, tease mounts from bulk samples and in air by culturable (Andersen) sampling. Spores do not have distinctive morphology and would be classified as “other colorless” on spore trap samples. Recorded isolations are from soil, bark, wood (including creosote treated utility poles and submerged balsa wood), and corms of orchids.
Phialophora sp.- Comprise a small proportion of the fungal biota. This genus is most closely related to Exophiala and Fonseca. Some species are plant pathogens; others cause soft-rot on wood. Phialophora verrucosa is one of the main agents of chromoblastomycosis in tropical and subtropical regions. Other health effects caused by Phialophora species include rare cases of mycetoma and phaeohyphomycoses. No information is available regarding toxicity. Allergenicity has not been studied. May be identified on surfaces by tape lifts, tease mounts from bulk samples and in air by culturable (Andersen) sampling. Spores do not have distinctive morphology and would be classified as “other colorless” on spore trap samples. Phialophora, like Fusarium, is a water loving fungus. Recorded isolations include soft-rots of wood, root, stems, and leaves of plants and grasses and soil.
Phoma sp.- A common indoor air allergen. It is similar to the early stages of growth of Chaetomium sp. The species are isolated from soil and associated plants (particularly potatoes). Produces pink and purple spots on painted walls. It may have antigens which cross-react with those of alternaria sp. It will grow on butter, paint cement, and rubber. It may cause phaeohyphomycosis a systematic or subcutaneous disease.
Pithomyces sp.- Grow on dead grass in pastures. Causes facial eczema in ruminants.
Polythrincium sp. – comprise a very small proportion of the fungal biota. This genus is somewhat related to Ramularia. No information is available regarding health effects, toxicity or allergenicity. May be identified in air on spore trap samples. Spores have distinctive morphology. Spores may also be seen in dust as part of the normal influx of outdoor microbial particles. Natural habitat is on leaves.
Poria incrassata- One of the basidiomycetes which causes brown rot of wood (dry rot). This fungus is most closely related to Serpula lacrimans (formerly called Merulius). These fungi can digest both the lignin and the cellulose of woos. A small amount of decay markedly alters the strength of the wood. If the macroscopic fungus fruiting body is collected, it may be identified a polypore. The polypores belong to a limited group of fungi capable of attacking wood and using it for food. Wood with brown rot can be identified by observation of typical “square-ish” cracking transverse to the grain of the wood. The wood also shrinks and becomes some shade of brown. (The other general type of wood decay is called white rot, where all components are removed in differing proportion at different rates, and the decayed wood is light colored. The strength factor if more slowly altered and frequently the decayed wood is still usable in the early stages of decay.) The natural habitat of the polypores is wood, i.e. slash in forests. No information is available regarding health effects, toxicity, or allergenicity.
Pycnidial formers- They are sac-like fruiting bodies (asexual) formed by many of the Coelomycetes. Spores commonly formed in sticky masses, which ooze out an ostiole (opening). Air currents do not readily disseminate these spores, although they do constitute a small proportion of the air spora. Spores may also be dry, but these spores are less common. The identification of many of the Coelomycetes is difficult because internal sporulating structures are hidden. Some very common genera such as Phoma may be identified on tape lift and tease mounts from bulk samples, and in air by culturable (Andersen) sampling. Many times, however, Coelemycetes are reported simply as “pycnidial former, ID unknown”. Pycnidial fungi are ubiquitous and are commonly found and recovered from cultivated and uncultivated soil of different types, leaf litter, and other organic debris from both natural and manufactured sources; from saline and fresh water, on other fungi and lichens, and as parasites of plants, vertebrates and insects.
Pyrenochaeta sp.- Comprise a small proportion of the fungal biota and is closely related to Phoma. This genus is a pycnidial former although many time pycnidia are lacking and the organism appears only as sterile mycelia. May be identified on tape lifts and tease mounts from bulk samples if the pycnidia are present. Pycnidial formers may gave little effects on the indoor air because air currents do not readily disseminate the spores. Very rarely isolated from air by culturable (Andersen) sampling. Spores do not have distinctive morphology and would be categorized as “other colorless” on spore trap samples. Natural habitat is plant debris and soil in tropical countries, where is it a cause of mycetoma. No information is available regarding toxicity and allergenicity.
R
Rhinocladiella sp.- Found in the soil, herbaceous substrates, and decaying wood. Mode of dissemination: dry spore, wind. Occasionally found on a variety of substrates. One species is called the cellar fungus, most commonly found on brickwork and adjacent timber in wine cellars. Very small, slow growing colonies. May be over looked on crowded plates.
Rhizomucor- The Zygomycetous fungus is reported to be allergenic. It may cause mucorosis in immune compromised individuals. It occupies a biological niche similar to Mucor sp. It is often linked to occupational allergy. May cause mucorosis in immune compromised individuals. The sites of infection are the lung, nasal sinus, brain, eyes and skin. Infection may have multiple sites.
Rhizopus sp.- Contaminant. Opportunistic pathogen. Found in soil, decaying vegetation and animal dung. Can cause Zygomycoses and lung infection.
Rhodotorula- A reddish yeast typically found in moist environments such as carpeting, cooling coils, and drain pans. In some countries it is the most common yeast genus identified in indoor air. This yeast has been reported to be allergenic. Positive skin tests have been reported. It has colonized terminally ill patients.
Rusts- associated with plants
S
Saccharomyces- Baker’s yeast.
Scedosporium sp.- Comprise a small proportion of the fungal biota. This genus is distantly related to Sporothrix, Exophiala, and Scopulariosis. Two species have health effects which can be serious, even fatal. Scedosporium apiospermum and Scedosporium prolificans. These organisms have a surplus of past names. S.paiospermum was formerly called Monosporium apiospermum, while S. porlificans was formerly called S. inflatum. In addition, the sexual phase of S. apiospermum, now called Pseudallescheria boydii, has been called Allescheria boydii and the Petriellidium boydii. To confuse things even further, S. apiospermum has yet another asexual coremial form called Graphium eumoorphum.
Schizophyllum commune- A macrofungus, commonly called the “Split-gill”. It looks like a polypore but has uniquely splitting gills, and has been placed in its own family, the Schizophylaveae, by most taxonomists. It has been found growing on a variety of domestic materials, including plaster. These small bracket-like fungi are whitish, hairy, with a tough leathery flesh. They may remain dry for 50 years and when moistened will unroll their gills and begin shedding spores. Adverse health effects are rare but cases of the following have been reported: brain abscess (1996), fungus ball in the lungs (1995), sinusitis (1992, 1990, 1986, 1956), allergic bronchopulmonary mycosis (1994), ulcerative lesions of the hard palate (1973), chronic lung disease (1956), meningitis (1955), and onychomycosis (1950). No information is available regarding toxicity and allergenicity has not been well studied. Identification is made when the macro fungal bodies are collected and submitted. The basidiospores are somewhat distinctive and would be identifiable on spore trap samples if large fruitings are present within a building. In addition, this is one of the few macrofungi that grow and fruit on general fungal media. Our laboratory has isolated this fungus on Andersen samples from buildings with large numbers growing on wooden building materials. Natural outdoor habitat of this fungus is hardwood sticks, stumps, and logs, with a worldwide distribution.
Scolecobasidium sp.- Comprise a very small proportion of the fungal biota. This genus is distantly related to Ochroconis and Dactylaria. Opinions differ regarding the taxonomy of these three genera and are considered by many to be synonyms. All three genera are listed in Ainsworth and Bisby’s dictionary of the Fungi as legitimate genera. There have been several reports of opportunistic infections caused by these genera but a true pathogenic role has not been firmly established. No information if available regarding upper respiratory health effects, or toxicity. Allergenicity has not been studied. May be identified on surfaces by tape lifts, tease mounts from bulk samples and in air by culturable (Andersen) samples. Certain species of Scolecobasidium have somewhat distinctive spores which could be counted on spore trap samples if the presence of this genus has already been demonstrated (for example, on tape lifts). Natural habitat includes soil, and decaying leaves.
Scopulariopsis sp.- It may produce arsine gas if growing on arsenic substrate. This can occur on wallpapers covered with paris green. It has been found growing on a wide variety of materials including house dust. It is associated with type III allergy.
Sepedonium sp.- Common but comprise a small proportion of the fungal biota. This genus is somewhat related to Chrysosporium and Staphylotrichum. It also bears a superficial resemblance to Histoplasma capsulatum, an important pathogen found primarily in the Midwestern United States. May be identified on surfaces by tape lifts, tease mounts from bulk samples, and in air by culturable (Andersen) and spore trap samples. Spores have distinctive morphology. Natural habitat is soil, coniferous wood, and mushroom conquest. Commonly parasitic on mushrooms in the Agaricaceae and Boletaceae as well.
Skin- skin cells are a source of food for dust mites (allergen).
Spetonema p..- Comprise a very small proportion of the fungal biota. This genus is somewhat related to Cladosporium. No information is available regarding health effects, or toxicity. Allergenicity has not been studied. May be identified on surfaces by tape lifts, and tease mounts from bulk samples. Septonema has somewhat distinctive spores which could be counted on spore trap samples if the presence of this genus has already been demonstrated (for example, on tape lift). Commonly found on the bark of deciduous or coniferous tress as well as on other fungi, particularly the Pyrenomycetes. Less commonly found in soil and buried root pieces.
Serpula lacrymans- Common cause of extrinsic asthma. Acute symptoms include edema and bronchi spasms, chronic cases may develop pulmonary emphysema.
Smuts- associated with plants.
Sordaria sp.- Common but comprise a small proportion of the fungal biota. This genus is most closely related to other perithecial ascomycetes such as Gelasinospora and Melanospora. No information is available regarding health effects or toxicity. Allergenicity has not been studied. May be identified on surfaces by tape lifts, and tease mounts from bulk samples. If Sodaria spores are isolated on culturable (Andersen) sampling, non sporulating mycelia is likely to be the result, atleast with primary growth within one week. Sordaria sporulates better on specialized media with a longer incubation period. May be identified on spore trap samples (spores have distinctive morphology but could possibly by confused with other genera). Natural habitat is mainly on dung, but found also on seeds and in soil.
Spadicoides sp.
Spegazzinia sp. - Comprise a very small proportion of the fungal biota. This genus is somewhat related to other lobed or ornamented genera such as Candelabrum. No information is available regarding health effects or toxicity. Allergenicity has not been studied. Usually identified on spore trap samples where it is seen every few weeks. Spores have distinctive morphology. May also be found in air by culturable (Andersen) samples if a long enough incubation period is provided so that sporulation occurs. Natural habitat includes soil and many kinds of trees and plants.
Spiniger state of Heterobasidion species - Comprise a very small proportion of the fungal biota. This genus is interesting because it is a conidial state or a macrofungus, a polypore called Heterobasidion. Polypores are bracket fungi usually seen on dead or dying logs in the forest. No information is available regarding health effects or toxicity. Allergenicity has not been studied. May be identified on surfaces by tape lifts, tease mounts from bulk samples, and in air by culturable (Andersen) sampling. Spores do not have distinctive morphology and would be categorized as "other colorless" on spore trap samples.
Sporobolomyces sp.- found on trees, soil, rotting fruit and other plant materials. Associated with lesions caused by other plant parasites. Mode of dissemination: Wet spore. Ballistospores are forcibly discharged during high humidity. Known allergen; Type I and Type III allergies. Implicated cause of
Sporomiella sp.dermatitis. Other disease associations are unclear. Grows on a variety of substrates. Requires very wet conditions. Sporobolomyces is a basidiomycete (active spore release in times of high humidity). If culturable sampling is conducted on a rainy day, indoor counts may be very high. If repeat sampling is carried out on a dry day at the same location, Spotobolomyces counts may be drastically reduced.
Sporomiella sp.- common but comprise a small proportion of the fungal biota. This genus is most closely related to other multicelled dark spored ascomycetes such as Preussia and Hysterium. No information is available regarding health effects or toxicity. Allergenicity has not been studied. May be identified on surfaces by tape lifts, tease mounts from bulk samples, and in air on spore trap samples. Spores have distinctive morphology. Natural habitat is mainly on dung of various animals.
Sporothrix sp.- can cause sporotrichosis. Usually only in populations which are immune compromised.
Sporotrichum sp.- Reported to be allergenic. This genera does not cause sporotrichosis.
Stachybotrys sp.- Found in soil, decaying plant substrates, decomposing cellulose (hay, straw), leaf litter, and seeds. Growth not influences by soil pH or copper; growth enhanced by manure. Mode of dissemination: Wet spore. Insects, water splash. Wind when dried out. Allergens are not well studied. Type I allergies reported. No reports of human infection. Macrocyclic trichothecenes: verracarin J, roridin E, satratoxin F, G & H, sporidesmin G, trichoverrol; cyclosporins, stachybotryolactone. Stachybotrys mycotoxicosis: human toxicosis has been described: may be characterized by dermatitis, cough, rhinitis, itching, or burning sensation in mouth, throat, nasal passages and eyes. The best-described toxicoses are from domestic animals that have eaten contaminated hay and straw or inhaled infected material from contaminated bedding. Commonly found indoors on wet materials containing cellulose, such as wallboard, jute, wicker, straw, baskets and other paper materials. Many reports of Stachybotrys are anecdotal. Stachybotrys mycotoxicosis is currently the subject of toxin research. Grows well on general fungal media. Stachybotrys is slow growing as compared to Penicillium and other common mold genera, and may not compete well in the presence of other fungi. However, when water availability is high for prolonged periods on environmental material, Stachybotrys may gradually become the predominating mold, especially on cellulose containing materials. Notes on spore trap recognition: Spores of the species S. chartarum are not distinctive, and not easily confused with other genera. Carbon fragments which may be oval and of similar size may sometimes be confused with S chartarum. Memnoniella and Gliomastix produce spores with similar gray black pigment. Note: Spore trap samples are more likely to demonstrate the presence of Stachybotrys than culturable samples. Notes on Tape Lift Recognition: Distinctive, readily identifiable on tape lift samples. Direct microscopic observation of samples is often necessary as Stachybotrys may be missed if only culture methods are used.
Stemphylium sp.- Found in soil, wood, decaying vegetation. Some species found on leaves are plant pathogens. Mode of dissemination: wind (dry spore). Known allergen. Shares allergens with Alternaria. Type I allergies (hay fever, asthma). A rare report of phaeohyphomycotic sinusitis (identification questionable). Growth outdoors is rare. Grows on general fungal lab media; sporulation may be slow to absent. "Light/dark cycling" may induce sporulation. Notes on spore trap recognition: Distinctive, not easily confused with other genera, although young spores or spore fragments may be confused with other pigmented muriform spores such as Ulocladium, Alternaria, or Pithomyces. Notes on tape lift recognition: Distinctive and readily identifiable on tape lifts. Although Stemphylium is rarely found growing indoors, it may be seen in dust as part of the normal influx of outdoor particles.
Syncephalastrum sp.- can cause a respiratory infection characterized by a solid intracaitary fungal ball.
T
Tetraploa sp.- Comprise a very small proportion of the fungal biota. This genus is somewhat related to Triposporium and Diplocladiella. The only reported human infections are two cases of keratitis (1970, 1980) and one case of subcutaneous infection of the knee (1990). No information if available regarding other health effects or toxicity. Allergenicity has not been studied. Usually identified on spore trap samples where it is seen every few week. Spores have very distinctive morphology. Our laboratory has never found this organism growing on indoor environmental surfaces. Natural habitat includes leaf bases and stems just above the soil on many kinds of plants and trees.
Thysanphora sp.- Comprise a very small proportion of the fungal biota. This genus is related to Penicillium, Phialocephala, and Gliocladium. No information is available regarding health effects or toxicity. Allergenicity has not been studied. May be identified on surfaces by tape lifts, tease mounts from bulk samples, and in air by culturable (Andersen) samples. May be identified on spore trap samples if the presence of this genus has already been demonstrated (for example on tape lifts). Spores do not have distinctive morphology and would be categorized as "other colorless" on spore trap samples. Recorded isolations include soil, leaves or Tsuga, and decaying leaves.
Torula sp.- Found in soil, dead herbaceous stems, wood, grasses, sugar beet root, groundnuts and oats. Mode of dissemination: Dry spore. Wind. Type I allergies (hay fever, asthma) No reports of human infection. Found indoors on cellulose containing materials such as just, old sacking, wicker, straw baskets, wood, and paper. Nomenclatural problems: Torula is sometimes confused with the yeast Torulopsis. Torulosis is an old name for cryptococcosis, a disease in humans caused by the yeast Cryptococcus neoformans. Grows vegetativley on general fungal media but usually requires specialized media for sporulation. Notes on spore trap recognition: Distinctive, not easily confused with other genera. Notes on tape lift recognition: Distinctive, readily identifiable on tape samples.
Trichocladium sp. - Comprise a small proportion of the fungal biota. This genus is somewhat related to Torula. The only reported human infections are two cases of keratitis (1922, 1965) No information is available regarding toxicity, Allergenicity has not been studied. May be identified on surfaces by tape lifts, and tease mounts from bulk samples. Certain species can be identified in air by culturable (Andersen) samples and certain other species by spore trap samples. Spores of some species have distinctive morphology. One species in particular, Trichocladium uniseptatum, is found regularly on environmental surfaces, chiefly from wood. This organism does not grow on general fungal laboratory media and has been reported in times past as an "unknown brown spore type". Recorded isolations of Trichocladium species include soil, wood, tubers of various plants, and pine needles.
Trichoderma sp.- Contaminant. Opportunistic pathogen. Found in soil, dead tress, pine needles, paper, and unglazed ceramics. It produces antibiotics that are toxic to humans. It has been reported to be allergenic. It readily degrades cellulose.
Trichophyton sp.- Can cause ringworm, athlete’s foot, skin, nail, beard and scalp. Reported to be allergenic. Found on soil and skin.
Trichosporon sp. - common yeast like fungi whose primary mode of reproduction is the formation of arthrospores and blastospores. The genus Trichosporon would not be identified by microscopic morphology alone because many related and unrelated fungi form arthrospores. Biochemical analysis is necessary for identification. Trichosporon beigelii (old and common name) is the causal organism of superficial infections of hair shafts (white piedra) and nails (onychomycosis). Other health effects of this genus include reports of endocarditis, meningitis, pneumonia, ocilar infections and peritoneal dialysis-associated peritonitis. Disseminated disease is recorded in immunosuppressed hosts. No information is available regarding toxicity. Allergenicity has not been well studied. Tape lifts and tease mounts from bulk samples may reveal the presence of an arthrospore-forming yeast; isolation on culturable (Andersen) air samples is possible but infrequent. This genus is cosmopolitan, common in soil, fresh and seawater, and plant detritus. Recorded isolations include garden compost, sewage sludge, intertidal sand, running water and mud.
Trichothecium sp.- common but comprise a small proportion of the fungal biota. This genus is related to Beauveria and Engyodontium. Health effects include reports of corneal ulcers, and a case of otomycosis. No information is available regarding inhalation effects or toxicity. Allergenicity has not been studied. May be identified on surfaces by tape lifts, tease mounts from bulk samples, and in air by culturable (Andersen) sampling. Spores do not have distinctive morphology and would be categorized as "other colorless" on spore trap samples. commonly isolated from paper, jute, textiles, adhesives, and gypsum board. Natural habitat is soil and decaying plant material. Also an insect pathogen.
Tritirachium sp.- reported to be allergenic.
U
Ulocladium sp.- Contaminant. Isolated from dead plants and cellulose materials. Found on textiles. Rarely involved in disease.
Ustilago sp. - sp.- a genus in the smut fungi, which are the Ustilaginales. The smuts are major plant pathogens. There are no reports of human infection. No information if available regarding toxicity. Smuts have been documented as a cause of Type I allergies (hay fever, asthma). Ustilago is present in the air as dry brown spores (teliospores) and will grow in culture as a yeast (basidiospores). If viable Ustilago spores (dry, brown phase) are isolated on culturable (Andersen) sampling, the yeast phase will be the identifiable result. Natural habitat includes grasses, cereal crops, weeds, other fungi, and other flowering plants.
V
Verticillium sp.- Contaminant. Opportunistic pathogen. Found in decaying vegetation, on straw, soil, and anthropods. Reported as a rare cause of inflammation of the cornea.
W
Wallemia sp.- Found in sugary foods, salted meats, dairy products, textiles, soil, hay, and fruits.
Y
Yeast- Various yeasts are commonly identified on air samples. Some yeast reported to be allergenic. They may cause problems if a person has had previous exposure and developed hypersensitivity’s. Yeast may be allergenic to susceptible individuals when present in sufficient concentrations.
Z
Zygomycetes - One of the four major groups of fungi, the others being the Ocomycetes, the Ascomycetes and the Basidiomycetes. Zygomycetes are common, fast growing, and often over grow and/or inhibit other fungi nearby. Rhizopus and Mucor are two of the most common Zygomycetes seen in the indoor environment. However, others are seen as well, including Syncephalastrum, Circinella, Mortierella, Mycotypha, Cunninghamella, and Choanephora.
